Comparing Post Mortems (UK) and Autopsies (USA): A Guide for Writers
For fiction writers crafting crime thrillers, horror stories, detective stories, or medical dramas, accurately depicting post mortems (UK) or autopsies (USA) is crucial. These examinations reveal vital information about a character’s death, helping to drive the plot forward.
This blog post delves into the procedures and differences between post mortems in Britain and autopsies in the USA, providing the essential details to ensure your writing is both accurate and engaging.
1. Definitions and Purpose
Post Mortem (UK)
A post mortem, derived from Latin meaning “after death,” is a medical examination conducted to determine the cause of death. It is typically performed by a pathologist in a mortuary.
Autopsy (USA)
An autopsy, from the Greek word for “seeing with one’s own eyes,” serves the same purpose as a post mortem. It is conducted to uncover the cause of death and involves a thorough examination of the body.
2. Legal and Procedural Differences
Authorisation
Britain
– Consent-Based: A post mortem is usually ordered by a coroner without the need for consent from the deceased’s family if the death is suspicious, unexplained, or sudden. Usually, if a person has died without seeing a medical professional within two weeks prior to their death it is classed as a sudden death and a post mortem is usually required to be performed by law.
– Types: There are two types of post mortems: coroner’s post mortem (legal) and consent post mortem (requested by hospitals for medical research).
USA
– Consent and Jurisdiction: Autopsies can be ordered by a medical examiner or coroner, often without family consent, especially in cases involving suspicious, unexpected, or unnatural deaths. Hospitals may also perform autopsies with family consent for research or educational purposes.
– State Laws: The authority of coroners and medical examiners, as well as the autopsy procedures, can vary significantly from state to state.
Pathologist Roles
Britain
– Consultant Histopathologists: These specialists perform the majority of post mortems. They are medical doctors with advanced training in examining tissues and organs.
– Forensic Pathologists: In cases of suspicious deaths, forensic pathologists conduct the examination, often collaborating closely with the police.
USA
– Medical Examiners: Often board-certified forensic pathologists who perform autopsies in cases of suspicious deaths.
– Coroners: In some jurisdictions, coroners, who might not be medically trained, can order autopsies but rely on pathologists to perform them.
3. The Procedure
Initial Examination
Britain
– External Examination: The pathologist examines the body externally for wounds, marks, or other signs that might indicate the cause of death.
– Documentation: Detailed notes and photographs are taken to document findings.
USA
– External Examination: Similar to Britain, the body is thoroughly examined externally.
– Chain of Custody: Meticulous documentation and evidence handling are critical, particularly in criminal cases.
Internal Examination
Both Countries
– Incisions: Typically, a Y-shaped incision is made from the shoulders to the sternum and down to the pubic bone.
– Organ Examination: Internal organs are removed, weighed, and examined, this may include cutting and slicing the organs to see indications of damage or disease. Tissue samples may be taken for microscopic analysis.
– Brain Examination: The skull is opened, and the brain is examined separately, this too may include cutting and slicing the brain in the same way as other internal organs.
– Replacing the Organs: After the procedure is complete the internal organs, including the brain, are often bagged and placed inside the body cavity before it is closed. The brain is usually included in the bag as it is it difficult to place it back inside the skull after the post mortem or autopsy.
Ancillary Tests
Britain
– Toxicology: Samples of blood, urine, and stomach contents may be sent for toxicological analysis to detect poisons or drugs.
– Histology: Microscopic examination of tissues to identify diseases or injuries.
USA
– Toxicology: Similar procedures as in Britain, with a focus on detecting substances that might explain the cause of death.
– Histology: Tissue samples are analysed microscopically to provide additional information on potential diseases or injuries.
4. Reporting and Legal Implications
Britain
– Coroner’s Report: The findings are compiled into a report for the coroner, who determines the cause of death and may call an inquest if necessary.
– Inquests: Public judicial inquiries may be held in cases of unnatural or suspicious deaths.
USA
– Autopsy Report: The medical examiner or pathologist writes a detailed report outlining the findings and cause of death.
– Legal Proceedings: The report can be used in legal cases, and the pathologist may be called to testify in court.
5. Cultural and Ethical Considerations
Britain
– Family Involvement: Families are informed about the need for a post mortem and can sometimes request a second opinion if they disagree with the findings.
– Respect and Sensitivity: Cultural and religious beliefs are taken into account, ensuring the body is treated with respect.
USA
– Family Rights: Families can request an autopsy, especially in hospital deaths, but may need to cover the cost if it’s not legally required.
– Cultural Sensitivity: Efforts are made to respect the deceased’s cultural and religious practices, balancing legal and ethical considerations.
Conclusion
Understanding the nuances of post mortems in Britain and autopsies in the USA is crucial for fiction writers aiming to depict realistic and accurate death investigations.
By appreciating the differences in procedures, legal frameworks, and cultural considerations, writers can create compelling and believable narratives that resonate with readers.
Whether your story is set in the bustling streets of London or a small town in America, these insights will help you bring authenticity to your work.
© Colin Lawson Books